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Many other Scientologist-run businesses and companies belong to the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies making use of Hubbard's management teachings, and distributes directories of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE requires those who wish to become Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers a Partner of Applied Science Degree.


Another popular WISE-affiliated organization is e. Republic, a publishing business based in Folsom, California. e. Republic publications consist of Federal government Innovation and Converge publications. The Center for Digital Government is a division of e. Republic that was established in 1999 - Scientology beliefs. Web ISP EarthLink was founded by Scientologists Sky Dayton and Reed Slatkin as a Scientology enterprise.


This section requires expansion. You can help by contributing to it. In order to facilitate the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the type of effective or highly regarded individuals. Though it has actually obtained some credibility as a religious beliefs in numerous nations, Scientology has actually also been explained as both a cult and a company.

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For instance, it has been noted to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Fair Video game individuals it perceives as its enemies. In 1979, several Scientology members were founded guilty for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government documents in U.S.


Scientologists were likewise convicted of scams, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner mentions that Scientology's "high level of presence" might be perceived as "threatening to established social institutions".


From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.

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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were industrial and run for the advantage content of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).




Centers of Scientology remained in 52 nations by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost repeatedly for 26 years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.




Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a religion. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number define scientology 9 in products for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as determined in an internet poll run by the governmental transition team soliciting public input for the inbound administration. Scientology beliefs.

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State Department has criticized Western European countries for discrimination versus Scientologists in its released yearly International Religious Freedom report, based upon the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998. In some nations Scientology is treated legally as a company, and not as a faith or charitable organization. [] In early 2003, in Germany, The Church of Scientology was given a tax-exemption for the 10% license charges sent to the US. The word Scientology (and numerous associated terms, including L. Ron Hubbard) is a signed up trademark. Religious Innovation Center, the owner of the hallmarks and copyrights, takes a difficult line on people and groups who try to utilize it in methods unaffiliated with the main Church (see Scientology and the legal system).


Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain aspects of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was developed with its head workplace positioned at Saint Hill Manor. Under The Guardian's Office (later relabelled the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later arranged and dedicated one of the biggest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by an organization not affiliated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).




In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime committed get more by these defendants is of a breadth and scope formerly unprecedented. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and prying. No person or company was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.

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The Church has likewise in the past used aggressive techniques in dealing with those it sees as attempting to reduce them, called Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its creator.


Utilizing blank paper known to have actually been managed by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb hazards in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which could have sent Cooper to jail for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.